Does digital currency have staying power?
Bitcoin is a form of electronic money that is not controlled by a person or institution.
Bitcoin has leapt onto the global stage
with a bang — and a crash. The digital money has already plunged from a high of
$260 in April to today’s value of about $92

Still,
Bitcoins, used to purchase goods online or transfer money to other
people, have steadily gained traction since they were invented in Japan
in 2009. Germany has Bitcoin marketplaces where holders can exchange the
currency. Designed to be a global currency, Bitcoin is also gaining
popularity in countries like Argentina and Kenya, amid worries about
local currency devaluation. Merchants, such as online dating site
OkCupid, are slowly starting to accept the digital money for goods and
services.
On Monday, Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss, known for their
legal dispute with Facebook Inc’s Mark Zuckerberg over the origin of
the social networking site,
unveiled plans
to offer shares of a Bitcoin trust — designed to operate like an
exchange-traded fund — to the public. According to an initial public
offering filing in the United States, the shares would allow investors
to “gain exposure to Bitcoins with minimal credit risk.”
Despite
the hoopla, Bitcoin is still a niche digital currency. It faces numerous
challenges on the road to wide-spread acceptance, including volatile
price spikes and daily volume surges that point to rampant speculation.
Also hindering growth: even sophisticated financial thinkers have
trouble understanding how it works.
So far, global adoption is
still tiny. Less than 1% of the world’s population uses Bitcoin
actively, according to estimates, though use is accelerating in the US
and parts of Europe.
Bitcoins are so volatile that owners must either spend them immediately, before they lose value, or hold them as investments.
The
next 24 months will be crucial to whether the currency will survive and
grow, say some experts. Though venture capitalists and technology
start-ups are rushing to solve concerns around Bitcoin, any significant
expansion is still uncertain given recent market fluctuations. Long-term
investors may walk away if volatility continues. Much more likely,
Bitcoin may become one digital currency among many others coming to
market.
“Even if Bitcoin doesn’t survive, cypto-currencies will
,” said California-based Andreas Antonopoulos, who advises organisations on emerging technologies and trends.
Origins
Bitcoin
is a form of electronic money that is not controlled by a person or
institution. New units are mined by programs that crack complex
mathematical problems and release new blocks of coins, though release is
limited to only 21 million virtual coins. Only 25 Bitcoins every 10
minutes can be created to control inflation. There are currently about
11.3 million in circulation.
The limited supply makes them like
digital gold, said Charles Hoskinson, founder of the Bitcoin Education
Project. To buy Bitcoin, most people go to Japan-based Mt.Gox, which
accepts 17 currencies. Fees are less than .60%.
Ease of use
depends on where you live. Adoption is ramping up with small merchants
in the US, Canada and parts of Europe, say experts. New trading
platforms like Russia-based Bitc-e.com, which also accepts other
alternative currencies like Webcreds.com, are even popping up.
France recently launched its Bitcoin Central exchange, too.
“Europe is a bit ahead of the US,” said Jonathan Waller, who runs a Bitcoin meet-up in Tokyo.
Uphill climb
Despite
this frenzied activity, Bitcoin faces an uphill climb. Its greatest
strength — sitting outside the global financial system — is also a
weakness. Few retailers accept the currency, though more, like the San
Francisco-based social news site Reddit and even US-based blogging
platform Wordpress, are accepting it. Rigorous control of new Bitcoin
makes expanding usage beyond a cult currency difficult.
The
biggest challenge might be volatility. As little as $3 million injected
into Mt.Gox can spike prices, say experts. In April, Bitcoin plummeted
$130 in a day, from a high of $260.
This volatility is catnip for speculators, who seek to profit from sudden price fluctuations.
Bitcoin’s
main problem is that value is based on whatever the next guy will pay,
said Brian Riley, a senior research analyst at the Boston-based research
and advisory firm CEB TowerGroup. “This makes them a speculative
currency,” he said.
“Speculators are making a mess of Bitcoin,”
said Antonopoulos. When traders jump in and out of the currency, it adds
to volume spikes.
There are currently 182 global currencies, said Riley.
“Why do we need another one?” he said.
Bitcoins
are so volatile that owners must either spend them immediately, before
they lose value, or hold them as investments. Turning cash into Bitcoins
can take days. Many people rely on cumbersome in-person Bitcoin
exchanges facilitated by Bitcoin web sites such as localBitcoins.com
, where people meet and exchange currency.
For these reasons, investors and consumers should not put more than 5% of their money into the currency, added Waller.
“Bitcoins are one big monetary experiment,” said Hoskinson.
Easing concerns
There
is a chance that these Bitcoin choke points will be solved by an influx
of new technology. In the US, a flurry of well-known venture
capitalists such as New York City tech wizard Fred Wilson, an early
investor in Tumblr and Foursquare, are spearheading Bitcoin startups.
The aim: developing better e-wallets, payment systems and even automatic
teller machines (ATMs), where you can exchange cash for Bitcoin.
Dozens of startups in California’s Silicon Valley are also attacking Bitcoin distribution problems, said Antonopoulos.
“Lots of venture capitalists are pouring money into Bitcoin without understanding them,” he added.
History
is rife with examples of early movers — Myspace is one — that ended up
in technology graveyards due to stronger competitors, though. And
currently, at least one dozen virtual currencies like litecoin and
ripple are vying for a piece of the digital currency market.
These
new currencies aren’t tough competitors, said Waller, though there’s
still a real risk that Bitcoin won’t survive this onslaught.